{"id":2785,"date":"2020-12-10T13:46:35","date_gmt":"2020-12-10T06:46:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tractionenergy.asia\/?p=2785"},"modified":"2025-10-14T19:45:39","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T12:45:39","slug":"understanding-investments-in-the-energy-sector","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tractionenergy.asia\/en\/understanding-investments-in-the-energy-sector\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding Investments in the Energy Sector"},"content":{"rendered":"

Defining Investments in Indonesia\u2019s Energy Sector<\/b>
\n<\/span>Irwansyah and Fariz Panghegar, Traction Energy Asia<\/span><\/p>\n

The main purpose of this article is to establish a definition of the energy sector in Indonesia, as well as a categorization of what products, activities and services it includes, that will be used by Traction Energy Asia (Traction) in subsequent research and advocacy to achieve a comprehensive understanding of investments in Indonesia\u2019s energy sector.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Indonesia has an abundance of potential energy resources, both from fossil and non-fossil sources. As the world\u2019s fourth most populous nation, and one of the fastest growing economies amongst the group of emerging middle-income countries, Indonesia\u2019s energy consumption has been increasing significantly, and is predicted to rise even more rapidly in future. As a result, Indonesia\u2019s energy sector has become one of the most strategic sectors for investment. Given the significant potential economic, environmental, political, social and health impacts of investments in Indonesia\u2019s energy sector, it is crucial to conduct comprehensive research analysis to assess both the negative and positive impacts, and to use this as a basis for recommending improvements.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This is challenging<\/span> because Indonesia\u2019s Investment Coordinating Board (<\/span>Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal<\/span><\/i>\/BKPM) has no agreed definition of the \u2018energy sector\u2019, nor any comprehensive categorization of what the sector includes, to guide its system of data collection on investment realizations. A definition of the energy sector needs to be formulated first to inform a comprehensive categorization of energy sector investments. This article attempts to formulate such a definition through desk research and analysis of literature discussing various definitions of energy sector investments, and to match these definitions with existing databases on investments in the energy sector.<\/span><\/p>\n

Existing ‘Energy Sector\u2019 Definitions in Indonesia<\/b><\/h1>\n

In the majority of studies published by research and advocacy groups pertaining to issues of energy and environment, the energy sector has not been completely defined, both in its proper definition as well in the scope of its business activities. In a number of case studies on the social and environmental impacts of coal mining and power generation for example, the energy sector is used freely to refer to a specific group of business activities (AEER 2019[ref]Sartika Nur Shalahati & Jasman Simanjuntak. 2019. China Investment in The Coal Power Plant Sector in Indonesia: Finance and Portrait of Social, Environmental and Labor Impact<\/i>. Report. Jakarta: AEER. Obtained from https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1GRqoI3Ri6Y7qBE4pSt0CBTd2X3uEr9T7\/view<\/a> Accessed on 1 July 2020.[\/ref]<\/span>; Auriga 2019[ref]\u00a0Auriga. 2019. \u201cBank dan Investor Bakar Uang di Energi Kotor\u201d. Report. Jakarta: Auriga. Obtained from https:\/\/auriga.or.id\/resources\/reports\/58\/bank-dan-investor-bakar-uang-di-energi-kotor?lang=id<\/a> Accessed on 1 July 2020.[\/ref]<\/span>, Walhi 2020[ref]\u00a0Walhi. \u201cTinjauan Lingkungan Hidup 2020: Menabur Investasi Mennabur Krisis Multidimensi\u201d. Report. Jakarta: Walhi. Obtained from https:\/\/www.walhi.or.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/Laporan%20Tahunan\/Outlook%202020.pdf Accessed on 3 July 2020.[\/ref]<\/span>). Meanwhile, in Indonesia\u2019s regulatory framework, the definition of energy and its scope is established in Law No. 30 of 2007 on Energy, as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEnergy is the ability to do work that can be in the form of heat, light, mechanics, chemistry, and electromagnetism. An energy source is something that can produce energy, be it directly or through a process of conversion or transformation. An energy resource is a natural resource that can be used as a source of energy or as energy (Law No. 30\/2007, Article 1, Paragraphs 1, 2, 3).\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Energy sources are classified into three groups, namely new energy sources, renewable energy, and non-renewable energy. This classification is regulated in Law No. 30\/2007, Article 1, Paragraphs 4, 6, and 8.<\/span><\/p>\n

There are at least three other regulations concerning energy, namely Law No. 22\/2001 on Oil and Gas; Law No. 3 of 2020 on Mineral and Coal; and Law No. 30\/2009 on Electricity. All of these regulations have differing definitions on the mapping of energy sector business activities, in the form of exploration and extraction of energy resources, transformation of energy resources into energy, and energy transmission and distribution.<\/span><\/p>\n

Through a literature review, we have found definitions of the energy sector in Law No. 30\/2007 on Energy, Law No. 22\/2001 on Oil and Gas, Law No. 3\/2020 on Mineral and Coal, and Law No. 30\/2009 on Electricity and IEA (2002), which we have summarized as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe energy sector is the totality of energy provision business activities, consisting of the exploration and extraction of energy resources; the transformation of energy resources into energy; and energy transmission and distribution for both renewable and nonrenewable energy.\u201d[ref]We use the International Energy Agency (IEA) classification for renewable and non-renewable energy rather than Indonesia\u2019s Energy Law No.30\/2007 as this includes a vague classification of \u201cnew energy\u201d – energy products produced with \u201cnew technology\u201d (nuclear, hydrogen, coal bed methane, liquefied coal and gasified coal). IEA defines \u2018renewable energy\u2019 as \u201cenergy derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.\u201d IEA exclude fossil energy (Coal, Oil and Gas) and nuclear from renewable and classifies them as non-renewable energy. For further reading on renewable energy see IEA Renewable Working Party. 2002. \u201cRenewable Energy into the Mainstream\u201d.<\/i> Report. International Energy Agency. Page 9 and 14-15[\/ref]<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

We have also discovered a definition of energy sector activities in Law No. 30\/2001 on Oil and Gas, Law No. 3\/2020 on Mineral and Coal, Law No. 30\/2009 on Electricity, and the Energy Balance Sheet of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (<\/span>Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral<\/span><\/i>\/ESDM)[ref]See Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. 2018. \u201cHandbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia\u201d. Report. Jakarta: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM). Page 16-17.[\/ref].<\/span> The description of energy sector activities used in all of the above is as follows: The <\/span>first<\/span><\/i> is the exploration of energy resources, which refers to business activities conducted in order to acquire information on the location, form, dimension, spread, and quantified quality of energy resources, as well as information on the surrounding social and environmental areas. The <\/span>second<\/span><\/i> is the extraction of energy resources or exploitation, which refers to business activities encompassing mining, processing, and\/or smelting of raw energy resource materials within a mining location and its auxiliary businesses. The <\/span>third<\/span><\/i> is transformation, which refers to a process of transformation of energy resources (primary and alternative energy resources) into a final form of energy. In the balance sheet of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, transformation activities include: oil refining, natural gas processing, power plants, biofuel blending, and regasification of natural gas. The <\/span>fourth<\/span><\/i> is energy transmission, which refers to the distribution of energy from transformation businesses (energy processing) and power plants to an energy distribution system. The <\/span>last<\/span><\/i> is energy distribution, which refers to the distribution of energy from a transmission system to consumer users of energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

With regard to the definition of investment, the Law No. 25\/2007 on Investment, defines investment as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[A]ll forms of investment activity by both domestic and foreign investors, in order to conduct business within the state territory of the Republic of Indonesia.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Nonetheless, within the various laws and regulations concerning energy, no definition can be found on energy sector investment. Therefore, we need to place the definition of energy within an investment context by comparing it with other sources.<\/span><\/p>\n

Defining Energy Sector Investments in Indonesia<\/b><\/h1>\n

Universally, energy is defined as a material in various forms that must be transformed in order to conduct an activity (Smill 2017)[ref]Vaclav Smill. 2017. Energy and Civilization: A History<\/i>. London: The MIT Press. Page 1.[\/ref].<\/span> The definition of energy is dynamic and experiences changes in accordance with developments in technology and social life. Wiser (2000) also emphasizes that the dynamic nature of energy is due to it working in accordance with the First Law of Thermodynamics, in that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can transform into other forms.[ref]<\/span>Wendell H. Wiser. 2000. <\/span>Energy Resources Occurrence, Production, Conversion, Use<\/span><\/i>. New York: Springer. Page 9.<\/span>[\/ref]<\/span><\/p>\n

The United Nations Statistic Division (UNSD) formulated the International Recommendation for Energy Statistics (IRES), as a recommendation on methods of statistical data collection for the energy sector. IRES\u2019 proposed energy flows are illustrated in the following diagram:[ref]United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). 2018. \u201cInternational Recommendation for Energy Statistics (IRES)\u201d. Statistical Papers. Series M No.93. New York: United Nations. Page 56-58.[\/ref]<\/span><\/p>\n

Diagram of Energy Flows: <\/b>
\n<\/span>International Recommendation for Energy Statistics (IRES),<\/b>
\n<\/span>UN Statistic Division (2018)<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: International Recommendation for Energy Statistics (IRES) UN Statistic Division (2018)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

IRES uses a framework of production and consumption flows in the energy sector of a territory (a state or region). The energy product within a given territory will then be distributed as consumption goods. Energy products are also transferred in or out of a territory in the form of export and import transactions through transportation lines. In general, production flows are comprised of <\/span>primary energy production<\/b> (extraction of energy sources from nature), <\/span>energy transformation<\/b> (processing of energy resources into energy products), and <\/span>final consumption<\/b> (using an energy product, be it an energy product such as fuel\/electricity, or a non-energy product such as lubricant).[ref]Ibid[\/ref]<\/span><\/p>\n

Similar to the IRES framework, in the context of Indonesia, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has developed an energy balance table, which is a balance sheet that records the system of input and output flows of energy in Indonesia, that also comprises energy production and consumption, as well as the export and import of energy resources and final energy products[ref]Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM). Loc.Cit, <\/i>page 109-116.[\/ref].<\/span><\/p>\n

Diagram of Energy Flows:
\n<\/b>Energy Balance Table, Indonesia\u2019s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2018)<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: Based on the Energy Balance Table, Indonesia\u2019s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2018)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Identifying business activities in Indonesia\u2019s energy sector is difficult using the current data system, The Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) records economic activities, and BKPM records direct investment activities. However, both BPS and BKPM data system are missing a specific sector on energy investment. In addition, investment data published by BKPM does not depict the entirety of investment activities in Indonesia, because it does not encompass several investment sectors, such as Oil and Natural Gas.<\/span> [ref]Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM). 2020. \u201cNational Single Window for Investment (NSWI)\u201d. Database Website Obtained from: \u00a0https:\/\/nswi.bkpm.go.id\/integrator\/dataumum\/index.php?lang=ID<\/a> accessed on 16 July 2020.[\/ref]<\/span><\/p>\n

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources\u2019 energy balance table, as well as IRES\u2019 Diagram of Energy Flows, can both be useful references for classifying activities that are part of business categories within the energy sector. <\/span>\ufffc<\/span>Based on a review of the literature there is still no single and all-encompassing definition of the energy sector within Indonesia\u2019s data collection system for energy sector investments. This makes it difficult to monitor and analyse data on energy investments in Indonesia for research purposes. Consequently, we propose using the following definition as the basis for assessing investment in Indonesia\u2019s energy sector. This definition is based on existing energy sector definitions in: (a) Law No. 3\/2007 on Energy, (b) Law No. 22\/2001 on Oil and Gas, (c) Law No. 3\/2020 on Mineral and Coal, and in (d) Law No. 30 of 2009 on Electricity, and also with reference to the definition in Law No. 25\/2007 on Investment:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cInvestment activities, both by domestic and foreign investors, in all business activities of energy provision, comprised of exploration and extraction of energy resources; transformation of energy sources into energy; energy transmission and distribution of both renewable and non-renewable energy.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The Importance of a Comprehensive Energy Sector Database<\/b><\/h1>\n

The Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) database does not yet have a specific energy sector category. Energy sector investment data is spread out into various sectors, such as mining and chemical industries which transforms organic matter from agriculture products into energy and fuel feedstocks, as well as provision of electricity, gas, steam, and cold air. Tracing investments in the energy sector requires analysing the different sub-sectors, as in the following graph on the realization of foreign direct investment from China from 2005\u2013July 2020 in the Electricity, Gas, and Steam\/Cold air Provision Sector.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

FDI Realization from China 2005\u2013July 2020
\n<\/strong>Provision Sector of Electricity, Gas, Steam and Cold Air <\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: NSWI BKPM (2020)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Given the importance of monitoring and analysing energy investments in Indonesia, there should be a special classification for the energy sector. The Global Development Policy Center (GDPC) at Boston University has developed such a classification for the China Global Energy Finance Database\u2019.[ref]Global Development Policy Center, Boston University. 2020. \u201cChina’s Global Energy Finance\u201d obtained from\u00a0 https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/cgef\/#\/all\/Lender<\/a> . Accessed on 6 July 2020.[\/ref]<\/span> The GDPC database was designed to collect data on energy sector investment projects carried out by the People\u2019s Republic of China in other countries, through funding from the China Development Bank and the China Export-Import Bank.<\/span><\/p>\n

Classification of the Energy Sector in China Global Energy Finance Database, <\/b>
\n<\/span>GDPC Boston University\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: Global Development Policy Center, Boston University (2018, 2020)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

GDPC Boston University (2018) categorizes projects in the energy sector into three groups, namely energy sources (produced energy resources), energy subsector (business activities conducted), and loan schemes (loan schemes provided by banks to energy sector projects). This data classification simplifies data tracing.[ref]Global Development Policy Center, Boston University. Ibid<\/i>., and Global Development Policy Center, Boston University. 2018. \u201cChina\u2019s Global Development Finance: A Guidance Note for Global Development Policy Center Databases\u201d. Database Coding Manual. Boston: Boston University. Obtained from https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/gdp\/files\/2018\/08\/Coding-Manual-.pdf<\/a> . Accessed on 6 July 2020.[\/ref]<\/span> In our assessment the GDPC Boston University database can be an excellent reference for Indonesia\u2019s Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) to classify investment within the energy sector.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Furthermore, we strongly recommend that the BKPM database uses the <\/span>energy subsector<\/b> category which classifies business activities in the energy sector. GDPC Boston University divides the energy subsector into five categories, namely exploration and extraction, power plants, energy transmission and distribusion, multipurpose projects, and energy efficiency projects.<\/span><\/p>\n

Examples of energy efficiency projects within GDPC Boston University\u2019s database include energy saving and the natural gas to coal conversion projects. Theoretically, energy efficiency is an attempt to use energy in a smaller amount in order to produce a larger economic output.[ref]Lovins 1976, quoted in Yang, Ming & Xin Yu. 2015. Energy Efficiency: Benefits for Environment and Society London: Springer-Verlag London. Page 1.[\/ref]<\/span> Yang and Yu (2015) define energy efficiency as \u2019any practice or efforts that are related to saving or conserving energy\u2019.[ref]Ibid[\/ref]<\/span><\/p>\n

In order to mitigate \u201cthe absence of a stringent definition on energy sector investment,\u201d we compared GDPC definitions and categories with energy related activities included in the Indonesia Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Revision 4, KBLI (2017), and BKPM\u2019s National Single Window for Investment (NSWI). Consequently, we propose a definition of energy sector activities that is divided into five activities. <\/span>First<\/span><\/i>, the exploration of energy resources, as business activities in order to acquire information on the location, form, dimension, distribution, and quantified quality of energy resources, as well as information on social and environmental surroundings. <\/span>Second<\/span><\/i>, the extraction of energy resources, also known as exploitation, as business activities encompassing mining, processing and\/or smelting of raw energy resource materials in a mining location and its auxiliary businesses.<\/span><\/p>\n

Third<\/span><\/i>, transformation, as a process of transforming energy resources (primary and alternative energy resources) into a final form of energy. In the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources\u2019s energy balance sheet, transformation activities encompass: oil refining, natural gas processing, power plants, biofuel blending, and the process of natural gas regasification. <\/span>Fourth<\/span><\/i>, energy transmission, as the distribution of energy from transformation businesses (energy processing) and power plants into an energy distribution system. <\/span>Fifth and <\/span><\/i>last, the business activity of energy distribution, distributing energy to end consumers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Based on the above sub-sectors used to group energy sector investment in Indonesia, we propose the following classification of energy sector business activities. Traction Energy Asia\u2019s proposed classification differs slightly from GDPC\u2019s database as it is also based on the Investment Coordinating Board classification for the Indonesian context:<\/span><\/p>\n

Proposed Classification of Energy Sector Business Activities<\/b><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No.<\/b><\/td>\nEnergy Subsector Categories<\/b><\/p>\n

GDPC Boston University<\/b><\/td>\n

Business Activity Categories KBLI 2017<\/b><\/td>\nKBLI Number Code<\/b><\/td>\nBusiness Activity Categories ISIC Rev 4<\/b><\/td>\nISIC Number Code<\/b><\/td>\nInvestment Coordinating Board Sectors<\/b><\/td>\nInvestment Coordinating Board Subsectors (KBLI 2015)<\/b><\/td>\nInvestment Coordinating Board Subsector Number Code (KBLI 2015)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nCoal Mining<\/span><\/td>\n05101<\/span><\/td>\nMining of Hard Coal<\/span><\/td>\n0510<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nCoal and lignite mining<\/span><\/td>\n05<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nCoal Gasification in Mining Location\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n05102\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nMining of Hard Coal<\/span><\/td>\n0510<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nCoal and lignite mining<\/span><\/td>\n05<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nLignite Mining<\/span><\/td>\n05200<\/span><\/td>\nMining of lignite<\/span><\/td>\n0520<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nCoal and lignite mining<\/span><\/td>\n05<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nCrude Oil Mining\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n06100<\/span><\/td>\nExtraction of crude petroleum\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0610<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nCrude oil, natural gas, and geothermal mining<\/span><\/td>\n06<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nNatural Gas Mining<\/span><\/td>\n06201<\/span><\/td>\nExtraction of natural gas\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0620<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nCrude oil, natural gas, and geothermal mining<\/span><\/td>\n06<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nGeothermal Enterprises<\/span><\/td>\n06202<\/span><\/td>\nElectric power generation, transmission and distribution\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3510<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nCrude oil, natural gas, and geothermal mining<\/span><\/td>\n06<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nMining of Uranium and Thorium Ores<\/span><\/td>\n07210<\/span><\/td>\nMining of uranium and thorium ores\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0721<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nMining of metal ores<\/span><\/td>\n07<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nMining of Lead Ores<\/span><\/td>\n07291<\/span><\/td>\nMining of other non-ferrous metal ores\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0729<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nMining of metal ores<\/span><\/td>\n07<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nMining of Lead Oxide Ores<\/span><\/td>\n07292<\/span><\/td>\nMining of other non-ferrous metal ores\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0729<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nMining of metal ores<\/span><\/td>\n07<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nMining of Bauxite\/Aluminium Ores\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n07293<\/span><\/td>\nMining of other non-ferrous metal ores\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0729<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nMining of metal ores<\/span><\/td>\n07<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nMining of Copper Ores<\/span><\/td>\n07294<\/span><\/td>\nMining of other non-ferrous metal ores\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0729<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nMining of metal ores<\/span><\/td>\n07<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nMining of Nickel Ores<\/span><\/td>\n07295<\/span><\/td>\nMining of other non-ferrous metal ores\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0729<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nMining of metal ores<\/span><\/td>\n07<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nMining of Manganese Ores\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n07296<\/span><\/td>\nMining of other non-ferrous metal ores\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0729<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nMining of metal ores<\/span><\/td>\n07<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nAuxiliary Activities in Crude Oil and Natural Gas Mining<\/span><\/td>\n09100<\/span><\/td>\nSupport activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0910<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nAuxiliary mining services<\/span><\/td>\n09<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/span><\/td>\nExploration and Extraction<\/span><\/td>\nAuxiliary Activities in Mining and Other Extraction\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n09900<\/span><\/td>\nSupport activities for other mining and quarrying\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0900<\/span><\/td>\nMining<\/span><\/td>\nAuxiliary mining services<\/span><\/td>\n09<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/span><\/td>\nMultipurpose projects<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of Coal-based Products<\/span><\/td>\n19100<\/span><\/td>\nManufacture of coke oven products\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1910<\/span><\/td>\nChemical and Pharmaceutical Industries\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of products derived from coal and crude oil refinin<\/span><\/td>\n19<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/span><\/td>\nMultipurpose projects<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of Fuels from Crude Oil Distillation and Refining<\/span><\/td>\n19211<\/span><\/td>\nManufacture of refined petroleum products\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1920<\/span><\/td>\nChemical and Pharmaceutical Industries\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of products derived from coal and crude oil refining<\/span><\/td>\n19<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/span><\/td>\nMultipurpose Projects<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of\u00a0 Other Products from Oil Refining[ref]Peraturan Kepala BPS Nomor 19 Tahun 2017 Tentang Perubahan Peraturan Kepala BPS Nomor 95 Tahun 2015 Tentang Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia. Including manufacturing of biofuel blending such as the mixture of alcohol and gas. For further reading see, Peraturan Kepala BPS Nomor 95 Tahun 2015 Tentang Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia[\/ref]<\/span><\/td>\n19291<\/span><\/td>\nManufacture of refined petroleum products\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1920<\/span><\/td>\nChemical and Pharmaceutical Industries<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of products derived from coal and crude oil refining<\/span><\/td>\n19<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/span><\/td>\nMultipurpose projects<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of Coal Briquettes<\/span><\/td>\n19292<\/span><\/td>\nManufacture of refined petroleum products\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1920<\/span><\/td>\nChemical and Pharmaceutical Industries\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of products derived from coal and crude oil refining<\/span><\/td>\n19<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/span><\/td>\nMultipurpose projects<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of Organic Basic Chemicals from Agricultural Crops[ref]<\/span><\/span>Including the manufacturing of biofuel, wooden charcoal and coconut shell charcoal. For further reading see, Peraturan Kepala BPS Nomor 95 Tahun 2015 Tentang Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Peraturan Kepala BPS Nomor 19 Tahun 2017 Tentang Perubahan Peraturan Kepala BPS Nomor 95 Tahun 2015 Tentang Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/ref]<\/span><\/td>\n

20115<\/span><\/td>\nManufacture of basic chemicals\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2011<\/span><\/td>\nChemical and Pharmaceutical Industries\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of chemical material and chemically-derived goods<\/span><\/td>\n20<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/span><\/td>\nMultipurpose projects*<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of Uranium and Uranium Ore Processing<\/span><\/td>\n24206<\/span><\/td>\nManufacture of basic chemicals\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2011<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of Basic Metals, Metal Goods, Non-Machinery Products and Tools<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of basic metals<\/span><\/td>\n24<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/span><\/td>\nMultipurpose projects<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of Batteries<\/span><\/td>\n27201<\/span><\/td>\nManufacture of batteries and accumulators\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2720<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of Basic Metals, Metal Goods, Non-Machinery Products and Tools<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of electrical appliances<\/span><\/td>\n27<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/span><\/td>\nMultipurpose projects<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of Electrical Accumulators<\/span><\/td>\n27202<\/span><\/td>\nManufacture of batteries and accumulators\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2720<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of Basic Metals, Metal Goods, Non-Machinery Products and Tools<\/span><\/td>\nIndustry of electrical appliances<\/span><\/td>\n27<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/span><\/td>\nPower Plants<\/span><\/td>\nElectric Power Generation\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n35101<\/span><\/td>\nElectric power generation, transmission and distribution\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3510<\/span><\/td>\nElectricity, Gas, and Water<\/span><\/td>\nProvision of electricity, gas, steam\/hot air and cold air<\/span><\/td>\n35<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/span><\/td>\nTransmission and Distribution<\/span><\/td>\nElectric Power Transmission\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n35102<\/span><\/td>\nElectric power generation, transmission and distribution\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3510<\/span><\/td>\nElectricity, Gas, and Water<\/span><\/td>\nProvision of electricity, gas, steam\/hot air and cold air<\/span><\/td>\n35<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/span><\/td>\nTransmission and Distribution<\/span><\/td>\nElectric Power Distribution\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n35103<\/span><\/td>\nElectric power generation, transmission and distribution\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3510<\/span><\/td>\nElectricity, Gas, and Water<\/span><\/td>\nProvision of electricity, gas, steam\/hot air and cold air<\/span><\/td>\n35<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/span><\/td>\nTransmission and Distribution<\/span><\/td>\nAuxiliary Acitivities for Electric Power<\/span><\/td>\n35104<\/span><\/td>\nElectric power generation, transmission and distribution\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3510<\/span><\/td>\nElectricity, Gas, and Water<\/span><\/td>\nProvision of electricity, gas, steam\/hot air and cold air<\/span><\/td>\n35<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/span><\/td>\nMultipurpose projects<\/span><\/td>\nProvision of Natural and Artificial Gas<\/span><\/td>\n35201<\/span><\/td>\nManufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3520<\/span><\/td>\nElectricity, Gas, and Water<\/span><\/td>\nProvision of electricity, gas, steam\/hot air and co cold air<\/span><\/td>\n35<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/span><\/td>\nTransmission and Distribution<\/span><\/td>\nDistribution of Natural and Artificial Gas\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n35202<\/span><\/td>\nManufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3520<\/span><\/td>\nElectricity, Gas, and Water<\/span><\/td>\nProvision of electricity, gas, steam\/hot air and cold air<\/span><\/td>\n35<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/span><\/td>\nMultipurpose projects<\/span><\/td>\nProvision of Biogas<\/span><\/td>\n35203<\/span><\/td>\nTreatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3821<\/span><\/td>\nElectricity, Gas, and Water<\/span><\/td>\nProvision of electricity, gas, steam\/hot air and cold air\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n35<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/span><\/td>\nTransmission and Distribution**<\/span><\/td>\nTransport via Pipelines<\/span><\/td>\n49300<\/span><\/td>\nTransport via pipeline\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n4930<\/span><\/td>\nWarehouse Transport and Telecommunications<\/span><\/td>\nLand transport and transport via pipelines<\/span><\/td>\n49<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


\n<\/span>Source: Traction Energy Asia based on <\/b>GDPC Boston University; KBLI 2015; KBLI 2017; NSWI BKPM 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

* It is proposed to be removed from the table because it is mixed with non-energy use. Nuclear power plants are included in the KBLI category number 35101 “Electricity Generation”.<\/p>\n

** It is proposed to be removed from the table because the BKPM data is mixed with pipeline transportation for other materials that are not included in energy commodities.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/b><\/h1>\n

The main objective of this article is to establish a definition of energy sector investment, and within that, a classification of sub-sectors for Traction\u2019s reference in order to identify investment projects within the Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board\u2019s database. It is hoped that our subsequent monitoring and analysis of energy investment projects, using the definition and classification outlined in this article, can enhance the applicability of other similar existing databases, such as the Global Development Policy Center\u2019s (GDPC), China Global Energy Finance Database<\/span>,<\/b> in the Indonesian context.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It is crucial that investments in Indonesia\u2019s energy sector are tracked as accurately and comprehensively as possible, given the huge potential economic, environmental, political, social and health impacts that they could have. Improving the way that energy investment data is collected and analysed will in turn<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Defining Investments in Indonesia\u2019s Energy Sector<\/em>
\nIrwansyah and Fariz Panghegar, Traction Energy Asia<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2963,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[79,55,62,64,80,46,63],"class_list":["post-2785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-articles","tag-bkpn","tag-emission","tag-energy","tag-investment","tag-nswi","tag-policy","tag-renewable"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUnderstanding Investments in the Energy Sector — TRACTION ENERGY ASIA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tractionenergy.asia\/__trashed\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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