{"id":11271,"date":"2023-03-09T10:17:51","date_gmt":"2023-03-09T03:17:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tractionenergy.asia\/?p=11271"},"modified":"2023-07-28T10:41:07","modified_gmt":"2023-07-28T03:41:07","slug":"how-will-indonesias-jetp-move-the-country-beyond-coal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tractionenergy.asia\/en\/how-will-indonesias-jetp-move-the-country-beyond-coal\/","title":{"rendered":"How Will Indonesia\u2019s JETP Move The Country Beyond Coal?"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Just Energy Transition Partnership for Indonesia announced last year \u2013 with more details due in mid-2023 \u2013 targets coal-fired power plants. Nithin Coca reports on how it will, and will not, change the country\u2019s energy system.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
This photo taken on 21 September 2021 shows village houses as smoke rises from the chimneys at the Suralaya coal power plant in Cilegon, Indonesia. (Photo by BAY ISMOYO\/AFP via Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Indonesia, the world\u2019s fourth most populous country and <\/span>fifth-largest greenhouse gas<\/span> (GHG) emitter, is crucial to the success of the Paris Agreement and any attempt to limit global temperature rise to 1.5\u00b0C. However, as a developing country still highly dependent on natural resources and fossil fuels, it has long been clear that it will not decarbonise without significant international support. That is why many are hopeful about Indonesia\u2019s Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), <\/span>announced in November 2022 alongside the G20 Summit<\/span> in Bali, Indonesia, as <\/span>COP27<\/span> was playing out in Egypt. It promises $20bn in financial support, is led by the US and Japan, and includes other developed countries like Canada, the UK, France and Germany.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe international partners should help\u2026 Indonesia to define a coal phase-out or phase-down strategy,\u201d says Achmed Shahram Edianto, a Jakarta-based energy analyst with the climate think tank Ember. \u201cFor the US and Japan, as leaders of the Indonesia JETP, we expect more technological knowledge transfer, capacity building and assistance with financial mechanisms that can lower the risk of developing renewable energy.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Indonesia\u2019s JETP was the second globally following <\/span>one announced<\/span> for South Africa in 2021. It was followed by a third for nearby neighbour Vietnam <\/span>just weeks later<\/span> in late 2022. While the details of Indonesia\u2019s JETP are set for release sometime in mid-2023, according to <\/span>the initial joint statement<\/span>, the goals are to peak \u201ctotal power sector emissions by 2030\u201d, bring the sector\u2019s net-zero target forward by ten years to 2050 and \u201caccelerate the deployment of renewable energy\u2026 to at least 34% of all power generation by 2030\u2033.<\/span><\/p>\n

Indonesia’s JETP falls short of a 1.5\u00b0C-aligned pathway<\/b><\/p>\n

Indonesia’s national commitments versus IEA pathways<\/span><\/p>\n

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Source: Ember, PLN RUPTL 2021\u201330, JETP announcement, IEA’s Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Indonesia\u2019s JETP: Focus on coal<\/b><\/p>\n

Historically, Indonesia\u2019s emissions have primarily come from land use change and forestry, notably deforestation due to the expansion of the palm oil, paper pulp and mining industries. Land use change and deforestation have, since 1990, made up more than 50% \u2013 and in years with widespread forest fires, up to 80% \u2013 of Indonesia\u2019s GHG emissions.<\/span><\/p>\n

That is changing, however. Alongside <\/span>some progress<\/span> on slowing down deforestation, Indonesia has seen its consumption of fossil fuels rise. According to the US-based non-profit Global Energy Monitor, <\/span>coal<\/span> accounted for <\/span>195 million tonnes (mt)<\/span> of Indonesia\u2019s CO2 emissions in 2022 \u2013 the seventh-highest for any country\u2019s coal fleet in the world, just below the figure for Germany \u2013 while total energy sector emissions grew to <\/span>650mt<\/span> in 2019. This has been driven by a massive expansion of coal-fired power generation capacity over the past 15 years.<\/span><\/p>\n

Climate Action Tracker, another non-profit, ranks Indonesia\u2019s climate commitments as \u201chighly insufficient\u201d on a 1.5\u00b0C pathway <\/span>and says<\/span> the \u201cinternational community has a critical role in helping Indonesia to implement a coal phase out\u201d. That is where the JETP could be decisive, says Achmed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Indonesia\u2019s targets depend heavily on the forestry sector<\/b><\/p>\n

Indonesia’s emissions in different domestic pathways and scenarios for global warming, MtCO2e\/year, 1990\u20132050<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Data as of 27 October 2021. Climate Action tracker does not have the data for forest emissions beyond 2016. MtCO2e\/year stands for megatonnes of CO2 equivalent per year.
Source: Climate Action Tracker<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The JETP is actually just one of five different Energy Transition Mechanisms (ETMs) that are being implemented in Indonesia. Another is being led by the Asia Development Bank and the three others are domestic. This includes one led by the national electricity company PLN, one led by the government\u2019s Indonesia Investment Authority and another led by the state-owned infrastructure company PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur, or Persero.<\/span><\/p>\n

All three domestic schemes will also target coal retirement, with 23.2GW of capacity identified so far. PLN\u2019s ETM also has the goal of increasing Indonesia\u2019s renewable energy capacity to 16GW by 2030 \u2013 but how all these schemes will work together remains to be seen. They are all looking to attract both public and private finance.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere is a lot of money coming into Indonesia, or already allocated from the state budget, for the energy transition,\u201d says Martin Baker, director of strategy and communications at the Jakarta-based non-profit <\/span>Traction Energy Asia<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Beyond coal-fired power plants<\/b><\/p>\n

Since its first nationally determined commitment (NDC), or national climate plan, was submitted to the UN in the run-up to COP21 in 2015, Indonesia, like other developing countries, has always provided two figures for its emissions reductions targets \u2013 one without international support and one with international support. In <\/span>its latest NDC<\/span>, submitted in September 2022, the unconditional target was a 32% reduction below a business-as-usual baseline by 2030, going up to 43% with international support.<\/span><\/p>\n

While the focus is on getting this support from other governments, <\/span>the private sector is also expected to play a key role<\/span>. According to US-based non-profit RMI, <\/span>half of the JETP’s budget<\/span>, or $10bn, will be mobilised from private financial institutions that are part of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (<\/span>GFANZ<\/span>). There are many questions about how those funds will be used and whether they will come in the form of loans or grants. GFANZ declined an interview request from <\/span>Energy Monitor<\/span><\/i>, as did the Indonesia Coal Mining Association.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fitch Rating Singapore, a credit ratings company, said in <\/span>an analysis<\/span> that the JETP and other ETMs could push Indonesian coal producers \u201cto consider investments to diversify away from thermal coal, which could have an impact on ratings\u201d. Elrika Hamdi, an energy finance analyst at the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, a think tank, says the industry should be ready for this.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCoal players\u2026 have experienced\u2026 how difficult it is to get <\/span>funding for new coal-fired power plants<\/span>, or mines,\u201d she told <\/span>Energy Monitor<\/span><\/i>. \u201cInstitutional investors and lenders already have in place strict <\/span>divestment policies for coal<\/span>.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Hamdi sees some positive signs that Indonesian coal companies are indeed diversifying. \u201cThe top ten coal companies [in Indonesia] have started to invest in greener technologies like solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and electric vehicle-supporting facilities like batteries and charging stations,\u201d she says. One example is Adaro Energy, the second-largest coal miner by production volume, which <\/span>launched a \u201cGreen Initiative\u201d<\/span> to invest in biomass, hydrogen and solar power in 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n

Loopholes: from coal plants… to coal plants<\/b><\/p>\n

Some are concerned that Indonesia\u2019s JETP, like South Africa’s, focuses only on grid-connected coal-fired power plants, ignoring not only other GHG sources but even the use of coal outside of electricity production.<\/span><\/p>\n

Indonesia is a major coal exporter, <\/span>ranking number one or two<\/span> in most years for thermal coal exports, primarily for use in coal-fired power plants in other parts of Asia. Part of the reason for the buildup of domestic coal-fired power production capacity in the past decade has been to increase domestic coal consumption as export markets became less reliable, also due to climate policy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Indonesia’s power sector needs to reach net zero by 2040 to be 1.5\u00b0C compatible<\/b><\/p>\n

Power sector emissions in JETP (IEA APS) scenario and 1.5\u00b0C (IEA NZE) scenario, MtCO2<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
JETP stands for Just Energy Transition Partnership. IEA APS stands for International Energy Agency’s Announced Pledge Scenario. NZE stands for IEA’s Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario. MtCO2 stands for megatonnes of CO2.
Source: Ember, adopted from IEA report ‘An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia’<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

However, with major financiers <\/span>Korea, Japan<\/span> and <\/span>China<\/span> announcing an end to funding all overseas coal plants, the coal industry has also been looking for alternative ways to use coal. One is coal gasification, which can provide an alternative to natural gas or petroleum in industrial, chemical or transport applications. As <\/span>reported by<\/span> Energy Monitor<\/span><\/i> in 2021, the Indonesian government\u2019s coal gasification plans could, if fully realised, consume nearly as much coal as the country\u2019s entire coal-fired power fleet \u2013 and negate its commitment to phase out the use of coal in power generation by 2040.<\/span><\/p>\n

Another potential loophole is the use of coal in what are called ‘captive’ plants. These coal-fired power plants are not connected to the grid but are used to power factories or industrial parks. Global Energy Monitor estimates there is 5GW of operating captive coal power in Indonesia, with another 4GW under construction. Some of these plants are being built to <\/span>power aluminium smelters<\/span> and<\/span> processing facilities for minerals<\/span> like cobalt and nickel, for use in the <\/span>global electric vehicle and battery supply chains<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Will Indonesia’s JETP help make space for renewables?<\/b><\/p>\n

Many see scaling up renewables as key to displacing coal, and the inclusion of the 34% renewables target in the JETP joint statement is seen as potentially giving a boost to the country\u2019s lagging solar and wind power sectors.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCurrently, there is no real renewable energy sector in Indonesia, because it doesn\u2019t make economic sense,\u201d says Martin, pointing to a lack of incentives such as a feed-in tariff. \u201cThe state power utility, PLN, still makes it very difficult for solar to go on to the grid,\u201d he says.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Indonesian Parliament is debating a <\/span>New and Renewable Energy bill<\/span> that, in theory, should address some of the issues facing renewable energy in Indonesia, but Baker is concerned by how \u201cnew\u201d is being defined. \u201cIt [the draft bill] strongly incentivises coal gasification, carbon capture and store, and biomass, but it does not incentivise solar, wind or geothermal enough,\u201d he says.<\/span><\/p>\n

Indonesia <\/span>currently gets<\/span> a paltry 0.2% of its electricity from solar, and only 0.5% from wind, despite abundant available solar and wind resources across the archipelago. <\/span>Geothermal energy<\/span> \u2013 for which Indonesia has more <\/span>estimated potential resources<\/span> than any other country in the world \u2013 also remains vastly underdeveloped, says Baker.<\/span><\/p>\n

Solar and wind made up only 0.07% of Indonesia’s electricity consumption in 2021<\/b><\/p>\n

Electricity consumption by source, TWh, 1965\u20132021<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
TWh stands for terawatt-hours.
Source: Our World in Data<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

For Hamdi, there is merit to focusing on phasing out coal first, particularly on the Java-Bali grid, home to more than half the population. \u201cCurrently, for Indonesia, because of overcapacity, a coal phase-out and retirement needs to be done as early as possible, as it will create room for renewables to enter,\u201d she says.<\/span><\/p>\n

The next few months will be crucial. Baker, Achmed, Hamdi and others are hopeful that Indonesia will, as promised in the joint statement, engage with civil society as it develops both the details of the JETP and its implementing policies.<\/span><\/p>\n

The impact will be felt globally, not only because of Indonesia\u2019s size and GHG emissions but because it will provide lessons for other developing countries dependent on fossil fuels that are seeking assistance with their energy transition.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIndonesia will not be the last country who will receive this kind of international support,\u201d says Achmed. \u201cIt is important for Indonesia to show its commitment and be a leader for [other] developing countries.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

This article already published in energymonitor.ai entitled:\u201dHow will Indonesia\u2019s JETP move the country beyond coal?<\/a>\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Just Energy Transition Partnership for Indonesia announced last year \u2013 with more details due in mid-2023 \u2013 targets coal-fired power plants. Nithin Coca reports on how it will, and will not, change the country\u2019s energy system. Indonesia, the world\u2019s fourth most populous country and fifth-largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter, is crucial to the success […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":13295,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[105],"tags":[112,214,216,217],"class_list":["post-11271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-media-coverage","tag-carbon-emissions","tag-coal","tag-jetp","tag-just-energy-transition-partnership"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow Will Indonesia\u2019s JETP Move The Country Beyond Coal? — TRACTION ENERGY ASIA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tractionenergy.asia\/en\/how-will-indonesias-jetp-move-the-country-beyond-coal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Will Indonesia\u2019s JETP Move The Country Beyond Coal? — TRACTION ENERGY ASIA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Just Energy Transition Partnership for Indonesia announced last year \u2013 with more details due in mid-2023 \u2013 targets coal-fired power plants. Nithin Coca reports on how it will, and will not, change the country\u2019s energy system. Indonesia, the world\u2019s fourth most populous country and fifth-largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter, is crucial to the success […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tractionenergy.asia\/en\/how-will-indonesias-jetp-move-the-country-beyond-coal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"TRACTION ENERGY ASIA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/tractionenergy.asia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-03-09T03:17:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-07-28T03:41:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/tractionenergy.asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/featured-image.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"595\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"643\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Annisa Sekar Sari\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@TractionEnergy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@TractionEnergy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Annisa Sekar Sari\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tractionenergy.asia\\\/en\\\/how-will-indonesias-jetp-move-the-country-beyond-coal\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tractionenergy.asia\\\/en\\\/how-will-indonesias-jetp-move-the-country-beyond-coal\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Annisa Sekar Sari\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tractionenergy.asia\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/2d091c3da5da7c074ad14c9cf1984478\"},\"headline\":\"How Will Indonesia\u2019s JETP Move The Country Beyond Coal?\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-03-09T03:17:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-07-28T03:41:07+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tractionenergy.asia\\\/en\\\/how-will-indonesias-jetp-move-the-country-beyond-coal\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1919,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tractionenergy.asia\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tractionenergy.asia\\\/en\\\/how-will-indonesias-jetp-move-the-country-beyond-coal\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tractionenergy.asia\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/featured-image.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"carbon emissions\",\"coal\",\"JETP\",\"Just Energy Transition Partnership\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Media Coverage\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tractionenergy.asia\\\/en\\\/how-will-indonesias-jetp-move-the-country-beyond-coal\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tractionenergy.asia\\\/en\\\/how-will-indonesias-jetp-move-the-country-beyond-coal\\\/\",\"name\":\"How Will Indonesia\u2019s JETP Move The Country Beyond Coal? 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Nithin Coca reports on how it will, and will not, change the country\u2019s energy system. 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